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SYLLABUS

Unit-I

(a) Pharmaceutical Analysis Definition and scope (i) Different techniques of analysis (ii) Methods of expressing concentration (iii) Primary and secondary standards (iv) Preparation and standardization of various molar and normal solutions-oxalic acid, sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, sodium thiosulphate, sulphuric acid, potassium permanganate and ceric ammonium sulphate

(b) Errors Sources of errors, types of errors, methods of minimizing errors, accuracy, precision and significant figures (c) Pharmacopoeia, sources of impurities in medicinal agents, limit tests.

Unit-II

Acid Base Titrations Theories of acid base indicators, classification of acid base titrations and theory involved in titrations of strong, weak, and very weak acids and bases, neutralization curves. Non-Aqueous Titrations Solvents, acidimetry and alkalimetry titration and estimation of sodium benzoate and ephedrine HCl.

Unit-III

Precipitation Titrations Mohr’s method, Volhard’s method, modified Volhard’s method, Fajan’s method, estimation of sodium chloride. Complexometric Titrations Classification, metal ion indicators, masking and demasking reagents, estimation of magnesium sulphate, and calcium gluconate. Gravimetry Principle and steps involved in gravimetric analysis. Purity of the precipitate, co-precipitation and post precipitation. Estimation of barium sulphate. Basic principles,methods and applications of diazotization titrations.

Unit-IV

Redox Titrations (a) Concepts of oxidation and reduction (b) Types of redox titrations (principles and applications) Cerimetry, iodimetry, iodometry, bromatometry, dichrometry, titrations with potassium iodate

Unit-V

Electrochemical Methods of Analysis Conductometry Introduction, conductivity cell, conductometric titrations, applications. Potentiometry Electrochemical cell, construction and working of reference (standard hydrogen electrode, silver chloride electrode and calomel electrode) and indicator electrodes (metal electrode and glass electrode), methods to determine end point of potentiometric titrations and applications. Polarography Principle, Ilkovic equation, construction and working of dropping mercury electrode and rotating platinum electrode, applications.