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SYLLABUS

UNIT-I

CELL BIOLOGY 1.1 Ultrastructure of animal cell 1.2 Structure and functions of plasma membrane proteins 1.3 Structure and functions of cell organelles - endoplasmic reticulum, golgi body, ribosomes, lysosomes, centrosomes, mitochondria and nucleus 1.4 Chromosomes - structure, types, giant chromosomes 1.5 Cell division - mitosis, meiosis, cell cycle and its regulation

UNIT-II

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2.1 DNA (deoxyribo nucleic acid) - structure and RNA (ribo nucleic acid) structure, types 2.2 DNA replication. 2.3 Protein synthesis - transcription and translation. 2.4 Gene expression - genetic code, operon concept. 2.5 Molecular biology techniques - polymerase chain reaction, electrophoresis.

UNIT-III

genetics 3.1 Mendel’s law of inheritance and non-mendelian inheritance. 3.2 Linkage and crossing over. 3.3 Sex determination and sex-linked inheritance. 3.4 Chromosomal mutations – Deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation, aneuploidy and polyploidy; Gene mutations - Induced versus spontaneous mutations. 3.6 Inborn errors of metabolism.

UNIT-IV

DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGY 4.1 Gametogenesis (spermatogenesis and oogenesis) fertilization; types of eggs; types of cleavages. 4.2 Development of frog up to formation of primary germ layers. 4.3 Formation of foetal membrane in chick embryo and their functions. 4.4 Types and functions of placenta in mammals. 4.5 Regeneration in turbellaria and lizards