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SYLLABUS

Unit-I

Environmental Hazards & Disasters Meaning of environmental hazards, environmental disasters and environmental stress. Concept of environmental hazards, environmental stress & environmental disasters. Different approaches & relation with human ecology – Landscape approach – Ecosystem approach – Perception approach – Human ecology & its application in geographical researches.

Unit-II

Types of Environmental Hazards & Disasters Natural hazards and disasters – Man induced hazards & disasters – Natural hazards – Planetary hazards/ disasters – Extraplanetary hazards/disasters – Planetary hazards – Endogenous hazards – Exogenous hazards.

Unit-III

Endogenous Hazards Volcanic eruption – Earthquakes – Landslides – Volcanic hazards/disasters – Causes and distribution of volcanoes – Hazardous effects of volcanic eruptions – Environmental impacts of volcanic eruptions – Earthquake hazards/disasters – Causes of earthquakes – Distribution of earthquakes – Hazardous effects of earthquakes – Earthquake hazards in India – Human adjustment, perception & mitigation of earthquake.

Unit-IV

Exogenous Hazards/Disasters Infrequent events: Cumulative atmospheric hazards/disasters, Infrequent events: Cyclones – Lightning – Hailstorms. Cyclones: Tropical cyclones & local storms – Destruction by tropical cyclones & local storms (causes, distribution, human adjustment, perception & mitigation), Cumulative atmospheric hazards/disasters: Floods – Droughts – Cold waves – Heat waves. Floods Causes of floods – Flood hazards in India – Flood control measures (human adjustment, perception & mitigation) Droughts Impact of droughts – Drought hazards in India – Drought control measures – Extraplanetary hazards/ disasters – Man induced hazards/disasters – Physical hazards/disasters. Soil Erosion Mechanics & forms of soil erosion – Factors & causes of soil erosion – Conservation measures of soil erosion, Chemical hazards/disasters: – Release of toxic chemicals, nuclear explosion – Sedimentation processes : Global sedimentation problems – Regional sedimentation problems – Sedimentation & environmental problems – Corrective measures of erosion & sedimentation, Biological hazards/ disasters : – Population explosion.

Unit-V

Emerging Approaches in Disaster Management – Three Stages 1. Pre-disaster stage (Preparedness) 2. Emergency stage 3. Post-disaster stage – Rehabilitation