Verify Account

SYLLABUS

UNIT-I

LOAD modeling and characteristics Introduction to distribution systems, Load modeling and characteristics. Coincidence factor, Contribution factor, Loss factor - Relationship between the load factor and loss factor. Classification of loads (Residential, Commercial, Agricultural and Industrial) and their characteristics.

UNIT-II

Classification of Distribution systems Classification of distribution systems - Comparison of D.C Vs A.C and Under-ground Vs over-head distribution systems - Requirements and design features of distribution systems. Design considerations of distribution feeders: Radial and loop types of primary feeders, Voltage levels, Feeder loading, Basic design practice of the secondary distribution system, Voltage drop calculations (Numerical problems) in A.C distributions for the following cases: Power factors referred to receiving end voltage and with respect to respective load voltages.

UNIT-III

Substations Location of substations: Rating of distribution substation, Service area within primary feeders. Benefits derived through optimal location of substations. Classification of substations: Air insulated substations - Indoor & outdoor substations: Substations layout showing the location of all the substation equipment. Bus bar arrangements in the sub-stations: Simple arrangements like single bus bar, Sectionalized single bus bar, Main and transfer bus bar double breaker – One and half breaker system with relevant diagrams.

UNIT-IV

Power factor Improvement Voltage drop and power-loss calculations: Derivation for voltage drop and power loss in lines, Manual methods of solution for radial networks. Three phase balanced primary lines. Causes of low P.F - Methods of improving P.F - Phase advancing and generation of reactive kVAR using static capacitors-Most economical P.F for constant kW load and constant kVA type loads, Numerical problems. Capacitive compensation for power-factor control - effect of shunt capacitors (Fixed and Switched), Power factor correction - Economic justification - Procedure to determine the best capacitor location.

UNIT-V

Distribution Automation Distribution Automation (DA) – Project planning – Definitions – Communication – Sensors - Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) – Consumer Information Service (CIS) – Geographical Information System (GIS) – Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) – Automation systems.