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SYLLABUS

UNIT-I

Operating Systems Overview: Operating System Functions, Operating System Structure, Operating Systems Operations, Protection and Security, Computing Environments, Open-Source Operating Systems. System Structures: Operating System Services, User and Operating System Interface, Systems Calls, Types of System Calls, System Programs, Operating System Structure, Operating System Debugging, System Boot. Processes: Process Concept, Process Scheduling, Operations on Processes, Inter Process Communication, Examples of IPC Systems.

UNIT-II

Threads: Overview, Multicore Programming, Multithreading Models, Thread Libraries, Implicit Threading, Threading Issues. Process Synchronization: The Critical-section Problem, Peterson’s Solution, Synchronization Hardware, Mutex Locks, Semaphores, Classic Problems of Synchronization, Monitors, Synchronization Examples, Alternative Approaches. CPU Scheduling: Scheduling Criteria, Scheduling Algorithms, Thread Scheduling, Multiple Processor Scheduling, Real-time CPU Scheduling, Algorithm Evaluation.

UNIT-III

Memory Management: Swapping, Contiguous Memory Allocation, Segmentation, Paging, Structure of the page table. Virtual Memory: Demand Paging, Page-replacement, Allocations of Frames, Thrashing, Memory-mapped Files, Allocating Kernel Memory. Deadlocks: System Model, Deadlock Characterization, Methods of Handling Deadlocks, Deadlock Prevention, Detection and Avoidance, Recovery from Deadlock.

UNIT-IV

Mass-Storage Structure: Overview of Mass-storage Structure, Disk Structure, Disk attachment, Disk Scheduling, Swap-space Management, RAID Structure, Stable-storage Implementation. File System Interface: The Concept of a File, Access Methods, Directory and Disk Structure, File System Mounting, File Sharing, Protection. File System Implementation: File System Structure, File System Implementation, Directory Implementation, Allocation Methods, Free Space Management.

UNIT-V

I/O Systems: I/O Hardware, Application I/O Interface, Kernel I/O Subsystem, Transforming I/O requests to Hardware Operations. Protection: Goals of Protection, Principles of Protection, Domain of Protection, Access Matrix, Implementation of Access Matrix, Access Control, Revocation of Access Rights, Capability-based Systems, Language-based Protection. Security: The Security problem, Program Threats, System and Network threats, Cryptography as a Security tool, User Authentication, Implementing Security Defenses, Firewalling to protect Systems and networks, Computer Security Classifications.