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SYLLABUS

Unit-I

Basic Structure of Computer: Computer Types, Functional Units, Basic Operational Concepts, Bus Structure, Software, Performance, Multiprocessors and Multicomputer. Machine Instructions and Programs: Numbers, Arithmetic Operations and Programs, Instructions and Instruction Sequencing, Addressing Modes, Basic Input/Output Operations, Stacks and Queues, Subroutines, Additional Instructions.

Unit-II

Arithmetic: Addition and Subtraction of Signed Numbers, Design of Fast Adders, Multiplication of Positive Numbers, Signed-Operand Multiplication, Fast Multiplication, Integer Division, Floating-Point Numbers and Operations. Basic Processing Unit: Fundamental Concepts, Execution of a Complete Instruction, Multiple-Bus Organization, Hardwired Control, Multiprogrammed Control.

Unit-III

The Memory System: Basic Concepts, Semiconductor RAM Memories, Read-Only Memories, Speed, Size and Cost, Cache Memories, Performance Considerations, Virtual Memories, Memory Management Requirements, Secondary Storage.

Unit-IV

Input/Output Organization: Accessing I/O Devices, Interrupts, Processor Examples, Direct Memory Access, Buses, Interface Circuits, Standard I/O Interfaces.

Unit-V

Pipelining: Basic Concepts, Data Hazards, Instruction Hazards, Influence on Instruction Sets. Large Computer Systems: Forms of Parallel Processing, Array Processors, The Structure of GeneralPurpose Multiprocessors, Interconnection Networks.