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SYLLABUS

Unit-I

Introduction: Database Systems Applications, Purpose of Database Systems, View of Data, Database Languages, Relational Databases, Database Design, Data Storage and Querying, Transaction Management, Database Architecture, Data Mining and Information Retrieval, Specialty Databases, Database Users and Administrators. Introduction to Relational Model: Structure of Relational Databases, Database Schema, Keys, Schema Diagrams, Relational Query Languages, Relational Operations.

Unit-II

Introduction to SQL: Overview of the SQL Query Language, SQL Data Definition, Basic Structure of SQL Queries, Additional Basic Operations, Set Operations, Null Values, Aggregate Functions, Nested Sub-queries, Modification of the Database. Intermediate SQL: Joint Expressions, Views, Transactions, Integrity Constraints, SQL Data Types and Schemas, Authorization. Advanced SQL: Accessing SQL from a Programming Language, Functions and Procedures, Triggers, Recursive Queries, OLAP, Formal Relational Query Languages.

Unit-III

Database Design and the E-R Model: Overview of the Design Process, The Entity-Relationship Model, Constraints, Removing Redundant Attributes in Entity Sets, Entity-Relationship Diagrams, Reduction to Relational Schemas, Entity-Relationship Design Issues. Relational Database Design: Features of Good Relational Designs, Atomic Domains and First Normal Form, Decomposition Using Functional Dependencies, Functional-Dependency Theory, Algorithms for Decomposition, Decomposition Using Multivalued Dependencies, More Normal Forms.

Unit-IV

Query Processing: Overview, Measures of Query Cost, Selection Operation, Sorting, Join Operation, Other Operations, Evaluation of Expressions. Query Optimization: Overview, Transformation of Relational Expressions, Estimating Statistics of Expression Results, Choice of Evaluation Plans, Materialized Views, Advanced Topics in Query Optimization.

Unit-V

Transaction Management: Transactions: Concept, A Simple Transactional Model, Storage Structures, Transaction Atomicity and Durability, Transaction Isolation, Serializability, Isolation and Atomicity, Transaction Isolation Levels, Implementation of Isolation Levels, Transactions as SQL Statements. Concurrency Control: Lock Based Protocols, Deadlock Handling, Multiple Granularity, Timestamp Based Protocols, Validation Based Protocols. Recovery System: Failure Classification, Storage, Recovery and Atomicity, Recovery Algorithm, Buffer Management, Failure with Loss of Non-volatile Storage, Early Lock Release and Logical Undo Operations.