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UNIT-I
Introduction: Database System, Characteristics (Database Vs File System), Database Users (Actors on
Scene, Workers Behind the Scene), Advantages of Database Systems, Database Applications. Brief
Introduction of Different Data Models; Concepts of Schema, Instance and Data Independence; Three
Tier Schema Architecture for Data Independence; Database System Structure, Environment, Centralized
and Client Server Architecture for the Database.
UNIT-II
Relational Model: Introduction to Relational Model, Concepts of Domain, Attribute, Tuple, Relation,
Importance of Null Values, Constraints (Domain, Key Constraints, Integrity Constraints) and their
Importance. BASIC SQL: Simple Database Schema, Data Types, Table Definitions (Create, Alter), Different
DML Operations (Insert, Delete, Update), Basic SQL Querying (Select and Project) Using Where Clause,
Arithmetic and Logical Operations, SQL Functions (Date and Time, Numeric, String Conversion).
UNIT-III
Entity Relationship Model: Introduction, Representation of Entities, Attributes, Entity Set, Relationship,
Relationship Set, Constrainsts, Sub Classes, Super Class, Inheritance, Specialization, Generalization
using ER Diagrams. SQL: Creating Tables with Relationship, Implementation of Key and Integrity
Constraints, Nested Queries, Sub Queries, Grouping, Aggregation, Ordering, Implementation of Different
Types of Joins, View (Updatable and Non-updatable), Relational Set Operations.
UNIT-IV
Schema Refinement (Normalization): Purpose of Normalization or Schema Refinement, Concept of
Functional Dependency, Normal Forms Based on Functional Dependency (1NF, 2NF and 3NF), Concept
of Surrogate Key, Boyce-codd Normal Forms (BCNF), Lossless Join and Dependency Preserving
Decomposition, Fourth Normal Form (4NF), Fifth Normal Form (5NF).
UNIT-V
Transaction Concept: Transaction State, Implementation of Atomicity and Durability, Concurrent Executions,
Serializability, Recoverability, Implementation of Isolation, Testing for Serializability, Failure Classification,
Storage, Recovery and Atomicity, Recovery Algorithm. Indexing Techniques: B+ Trees: Search, Insert,
Delete Algorithms, File Organization and Indexing, Cluster Indexes, Primary and Secondary Indexes,
Index Data Structures, Hash Based Indexing: Tree Based Indexing, Comparison of File Organizations,
Indexes and Performance Tuning