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SYLLABUS

UNIT-I

ECONOMIC OPERATION Optimal operation of thermal power units – Heat rate curve – Cost curve – Incremental fuel and production costs, Input-output characteristics, Optimum generation allocation with line losses neglected. Optimum generation allocation including the effect of transmission line losses – Loss coefficients, General transmission line loss formula.

UNIT-II

HYDROTHERMAL SCHEDULING Optimal scheduling of hydrothermal system; Hydroelectric power plant models, Scheduling problems – Short term hydrothermal scheduling problem. Modeling of turbine: First order turbine model, Block diagram representation of steam turbines and approximate linear models. Modeling of governer: Mathematical modeling of speed governing system – Derivation of small signal transfer function – Block diagram.

UNIT-III

LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL Necessity of keeping frequency constant. Definitions of control area – Single area control – Block diagram representation of an isolated power system – Steady state analysis – Dynamic response – Uncontrolled case, Load frequency control of 2-area system – Uncontrolled case and controlled case, Tie-line bias control. Proportional plus integral control of single area and its block diagram representation, Steady state response – Load frequency control and economic dispatch control.

UNIT-IV

REACTIVE POWER CONTROL Overview of reactive power control – Reactive power compensation in transmission systems – Advantages and disadvantages of different types of compensating equipment for transmission systems; Load compensation – Specifications of load compensator, Uncompensated and compensated transmission lines: Shunt and series compensation.

UNIT-V

POWER SYSTEM OPERATION IN COMPETITIVE ENVIRONMENT Introduction – Restructuring models – Independent System Operator (ISO) – Power exchange – Market operations – Market power – Standard cost – Transmission pricing – Congestion pricing – Management of inter zonal/Intra zonal congestion – Electricity price volatility electricity price indexes challenges to electricity pricing – Construction of forward price curves – Short-time price forecasting