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SYLLABUS

UNIT-I

Introduction: Basic Concepts : System, Control volume, Surrounding, Boundaries, Universe, Types of systems, Macroscopic and microscopic viewpoints, Concept of continuum, Thermodynamic equilibrium, State. Property, Process, Exact and inexact differentials, Cycle – Reversibility – Quasi - static process, Irreversible process, Causes of irreversibility – Energy in state and in transition, Types, Displacement and other forms of work, Heat, Point and path functions, Zeroth law of thermodynamics – Concept of temperature – Principles of thermometry – Reference points – Constant volume gas thermometer – Scales of temperature, Ideal gas scale.

UNIT-II

PMM-1 – Joule’s experiments – First law of thermodynamics – Corollaries – First law applied to a process – Applied to a flow system – Steady flow energy equation. Limitations of the first law – Thermal reservoir, Heat engine, Heat pump, Parameters of performance, Second law of thermodynamics, Kelvin-Planck and Clausius statements and their equivalence/ corollaries, PMM of second kind, Carnot’s principle, Carnot cycle and its specialities, Thermodynamic scale of temperature, Clausius inequality, Entropy, Principle of entropy increase – Energy equation, Availability and irreversibility – Thermodynamic potentials, Gibbs and Helmholtz functions, Maxwell relations, – Elementary treatment of the third law of thermodynamics.

UNIT-III

Pure substances, P-V-T surafces, T-s and h-s diagrams, Mollier charts, Phase transformations – Triple point at critical state properties during change of phase, Dryness fraction – Clausius – Clapeyron equation – Property tables, Mollier charts – Various thermodynamic processes and energy transfer – Steam calorimetry. Perfect gas laws – Equation of state, Specific and universal gas constants – Various non-flow processes, Properties, End states, Heat and work transfer, Changes in internal energy – Throttling and free expansion processes – Flow processes,

UNIT-IV

Deviations from perfect gas model – Vander Waal’s equation of state – Compressibility charts – Variable specific heats – Gas tables. Mixtures of perfect gases – Mole fraction, Mass friction, gravimetric and volumetric analysis – Dalton’s law of partial pressure, Avogadro’s laws of additive volumes – Mole fraction, Volume fraction and partial pressure, Equivalent gas constant and molecular internal energy, Enthalpy, sp. heats and entropy of mixture of perfect gases and vapour, Atmospheric air – Psychrometric properties – Dry bulb temperature, Wet bulb temperature, Dew point temperature, Thermodynamic wet bulb temperature, Specific humidity, Relative humidity, Saturated air, Vapour pressure, Degree of saturation – Adiabatic saturation, Carrier’s equation – Psychrometric chart.

UNIT-V

Power cycles : Otto, Diesel, Dual combustion cycles, Sterling cycle, Atkinson cycle, Ericsson cycle, Lenoir cycle – Description and representation on P-V and T-S diagram, Thermal efficiency, Mean effective pressures on air standard basis – Comparison of cycles. Refrigeration Cycles : Brayton and Rankine cycles – Performance evaluation – Combined cycles, Bell-Coleman cycle – Vapour compression cycle – Performance evaluation.