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UNIT I BASIC STRUCTURE OF COMPUTERS

1.1 Functional unit

1.2 Basic Operational concepts, Bus structures

1.3 System Software, Performance

1.4 The history of computer development

UNIT II MACHINE INSTRUCTION AND PROGRAMS

2.1 Instruction and Instruction Sequencing: Register Transfer Notation, Assembly Language Notation

2.2 Basic Instruction Types, Addressing Modes, Basic Input/output Operations

2.3 The role of Stacks and Queues in computer programming equation

2.4 Component of Instructions: Logic Instructions, Shift and Rotate Instructions

UNIT III TYPE OF INSTRUCTIONS

3.1 Arithmetic and Logic Instructions, Branch Instructions

3.2 Addressing Modes - Input/output Operations

UNIT IV INPUT/OUTPUT ORGANIZATION

4.1 Accessing I/O Devices

4.2 Interrupts: Interrupt Hardware, Enabling and Disabling Interrupts

4.3 Handling Multiple Devices, Direct Memory Access

4.4 Buses: Synchronous Bus, Asynchronous Bus

4.5 Interface Circuits

4.6 Standard I/O Interface: Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) Bus, Universal Serial Bus (USB)

UNIT V THE MEMORY SYSTEMS

5.1 Basic memory circuits, Memory System Consideration

5.2 Read-Only Memory: ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, Flash Memory

5.3 Cache Memories: Mapping Functions, INTERLEAVING

5.4 Secondary Storage: Magnetic Hard Disks, Optical Disks

UNIT VI PROCESSING UNIT

6.1 Fundamental Concepts: Register Transfers, Performing An Arithmetic Or Logic Operation, Fetching A Word From Memory, Execution of Complete Instruction

6.2 Hardwired Control

6.3 Micro programmed Control: Microinstructions, Micro program Sequencing, Wide Branch Addressing, Microinstructions with next - Address Field