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SYLLABUS

Unit-I

Impurities in Pharmaceutical Substances: History of pharmacopoeia, sources and types of impurities, principle involved in the limit test for chloride, sulphate, iron, arsenic, lead and heavy metals, modified limit test for chlorides and sulphates. General Methods of Preparation, assay for the compounds superscripted with asterisk (*), properties and medicinal uses of inorganic compounds belonging to the following classes.

Unit-II

Acids, Bases and Buffers: Buffer equations and buffer capacity in general, buffers in pharmaceutical systems, preparation, stability, buffered isotonic solutions, measurement of tonicity, calculations and methods of adjusting isotonicity. Major Extra and Intracellular Electrolytes: Functions of major physiological ions, electrolytes used in the replacement therapy: Sodium chloride*, potassium chloride, calcium gluconate* and oral rehydration salt (ORS), physiological acid-base balance. Dental Products: Dentifrices, role of fluoride in the treatment of dental caries, desensitizing agents, calcium carbonate, sodium fluoride and zinc eugenol cement.

Unit-III

Gastrointestinal Agents Acidifiers: Ammonium chloride* and dil. HCl. Antacids: Ideal properties of antacids, combinations of antacids, sodium bicarbonate*, aluminium hydroxide gel, magnesium hydroxide mixture. Cathartics: Magnesium sulphate, sodium orthophosphate, kaolin and bentonite. Antimicrobials: Mechanism, classification, potassium permanganate, boric acid, hydrogen peroxide*, chlorinated lime*, iodine and its preparations.

Unit-IV

Miscellaneous Compounds Expectorants: Potassium iodide, ammonium chloride*. Emetics: Copper sulphate*, sodium potassium tartarate. Haematinics: Ferrous sulphate*, ferrous gluconate. Poison and Antidote: Sodium thiosulphate*, activated charcoal, sodium nitrite. Astringents: Zinc sulphate, potash alum.

Unit-V

Radiopharmaceuticals: Radioactivity, measurement of radioactivity, properties of α, β, γ radiations, half-life, radioisotopes and study of radioisotopes - sodium iodide I131, storage conditions, precautions and pharmaceutical applications of radioactive substances.