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SYLLABUS

UNIT-I

1. Plant-Water Relations: Importance of water to plant life, physical properties of water, diffusion, imbibition, osmosis, water, osmotic and pressure potentials; absorption, transport of water, ascent of sap, transpiration, stomatal structure and movements. 2. Mineral Nutrition: Essential macro and micro mineral nutrients and their role; symptoms of mineral deficiency. 3. Translocation of Organic Substances: Mechanism of phloem transport. 4. Enzymes: Nomenclature, characteristics, classification, mechanism and regulation of enzyme action, factors regulating enzyme activity.

UNIT-II

5. Photosynthetic pigments, absorption and action spectra, ted drop and Emerson enhancement effect, concept of two photosystems, mechanism of photosynthetic electron transport and evolution of oxygen, factors effecting photosynthesis, photophosphorylation. 6. Carbon Assimilation Pathways: C3 , C4 and CAM. 7. Nitrogen Metabolism: Biological nitrogen fixation, nitrate reduction, ammonia assimilation, (GS-GOGAT, transamination).

UNIT-III

8. Respiration: Aerobic and anaerobic, glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport system, mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation, pentose phosphate pathway. 9. Growth and Development: Physiological effects of phytohormones-Auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ABA, ethylene and brassinosteroids. 10. Physiology of flowering and photoperiodism. Role of phytochrome in flowering. 11. Stress Physiology: Concept of water, salt and temperature stresses and plant responses